The Assistant Treasurer, David Bradbury, has announced that the Government will prevent “dividend washing” by introducing a specific integrity rule into the tax law. This follows the Government’s announcement in the 2013–2014 Federal Budget that it will implement reforms to close, with effect from 1 July 2013, a loophole it believes currently enables some investors to engage in this practice.

“Dividend washing” potentially allows investors who undertake certain sophisticated share transactions to receive two sets of franking credits on what is essentially the same parcel of shares. Mr Bradbury says the proposed specific integrity rule will end this practice. He adds that the measure will not impact typical “mum and dad investors” as it will only apply to investors who have franking credit tax offset entitlements in excess of $5,000.

In a recent decision, the Administrative Appeals Tribunal (AAT) has affirmed a decision of the Tax Commissioner to deny a taxpayer’s claim for a personal deduction for interest and bank fees of over $120,000. These were incurred over a two-year period in relation to rental properties purchased by a family discretionary trust that had been set up for that purpose, and of which the taxpayer was the trustee.

The AAT was of the view that the bank had lent the money to the taxpayer in his capacity as trustee of the trust, and not in his personal capacity. The AAT was also not convinced by the taxpayer’s argument that the bank had been mistaken in relation to the legal character of the person to whom it had lent the money. The AAT therefore upheld the Commissioner’s decision not to allow a personal deduction.

A doctor has been unsuccessful before the AAT in arguing that he should be declared a non-resident of Australia for tax purposes. The doctor had been working in East Timor since 2006 and submitted that he “resided” in East Timor as that was where he spent his time and lived.

The AAT heard that the doctor was an Australian citizen and spent nine to 11 months of the year in East Timor, with the remainder of his time spent in Australia and Bali. However, the AAT noted that the doctor owned a property in Australia which the Tax Commissioner described as the “family home”. The AAT also noted that the doctor had a property in Bali which he and his wife called “home”. The AAT found that the doctor “resided” in Australia for tax purposes because the taxpayer had retained a “continuity of association” with Australia.

The AAT has held that a partnership was not carrying on an enterprise and was not entitled to input tax credits claimed in respect of the relevant period.

The taxpayers, a married couple, argued that their partnership had provided handyman and other maintenance services to a hotel, a business they also controlled and which they had taken over from their sons. The AAT was not convinced that the partnership was an entity providing the claimed services to the hotel. Therefore, the taxpayers were not entitled to claim input tax credits during the relevant period.

However, the AAT was of the view that the net amount of GST owed for the relevant period was zero, and not a positive net amount as argued by the Commissioner.

The ATO has advised that, for the income year that commenced on 1 July 2013, the benchmark interest rate to be used in calculating the interest component on the repayment of a private company loan received by a shareholder (or an associate of a shareholder) is 6.20%.

The ATO has announced the amounts that the Commissioner considers are reasonable for the 2013–2014 income year in relation to claims made for:

• overtime meal allowance expenses;
• domestic travel allowance expenses;
• overseas travel allowance expenses; and
• travel allowance expenses for employee truck drivers.

The ATO has announced that the car depreciation limit for the 2013–2014 income year is $57,466.

The Government has recently enacted a number of key superannuation changes. These are discussed below. Importantly, these rule changes are not simple and individuals would be prudent to consider their options before deciding what to do.

Excess concessional contributions

The rules in relation to the taxation of excess concessional contributions have been amended with effect from 1 July 2013. The Government says the new rules will be “fairer for individuals who exceed their annual concessional cap”.

Under the new rules, excess concessional contributions are automatically included in an individual’s assessable income and subject to an interest charge to account for the deferral of tax. Broadly, the new rules ensure that individuals who make excess concessional contributions are taxed on the contributions at their marginal tax rates, rather than at the effective 46.5% tax rate that previously applied for all taxpayers before the changes were introduced.

Higher contributions cap of $35,000

On 1 July 2013, the concessional contributions cap increased from $25,000 to $35,000 for individuals aged 60 years and over. The same threshold will apply from 1 July 2014 for individuals aged 50 years and over.

Under the new cap, eligible individuals will potentially be able to claim greater deductions for superannuation contributions, or salary-sacrifice larger contributions. It is important to note that this temporary concessional cap will cease when the general cap reaches $35,000 through indexation (which is expected to be 1 July 2018).

Extra 15% contributions tax for $300,000+ incomes

From 1 July 2012, individuals earning above $300,000 must pay an additional 15% tax on concessional contributions. That is, the effective contributions tax has doubled from 15% to 30% for concessional contributions (up to the cap of $25,000 or, for older taxpayers from 2013–2014, $35,000) made on behalf of individuals above the $300,000 income threshold.

However, despite this extra 15% tax, it should be noted there is still an effective tax concession of 15% (ie the top marginal rate less 30%) on concessional contributions up to the cap of $25,000 (or $35,000).

The Medicare levy has been increased by 0.5% to help fund the government’s National Disability Insurance Scheme, known as DisabilityCare Australia. This will take the Medicare levy from 1.5% to 2% of taxable income from 1 July 2014.

Under the changes implemented by the government, low income earners continue to receive relief from the Medicare levy through the low income thresholds for singles, families, seniors and pensioners. The exemptions from the Medicare levy for blind pensioners and sickness allowance recipients also remain in place.

The government is seeking to close what it perceives to be a loophole allowing sophisticated investors to engage in what it calls “dividend washing”. The government says “dividend washing” is a process that allows sophisticated investors to effectively trade franking credits, and can result in some shareholders receiving two sets of franking credits for the same parcel of shares.

The government has issued a discussion paper to facilitate consultation and has proposed tax law changes to take effect from 1 July 2013. The changes would aim to prevent shareholders from receiving two sets of franking credits for the same effective parcel of shares through dividend washing, and to ensure that there would be negligible impacts on legitimate market activities.

In the 2013–2014 Federal Budget, the ATO was provided with $67.9 million over four years to undertake compliance activity in relation to trust structures. The taskforce will utilise intelligence systems as well as new tax return labels to gather information.

The ATO says the taskforce will not target ordinary trust arrangements or tax planning associated with genuine business or family dealings, but will focus on what it refers to as “higher-risk taxpayers”. Situations that would attract the attention of the ATO include arrangements where trusts or their beneficiaries who have received substantial income are not registered.

The government has made tax law changes to provide tax certainty for superannuation trustees and deceased estates in situations where a person has died while in receipt of a superannuation income stream.

Investment earnings derived by complying superannuation funds from assets supporting current pensions are generally exempt from tax. However, a draft tax ruling issued by the ATO in 2011 caused some uncertainty over the eligibility of this tax exemption in situations following the death of a member to whom a pension was being paid.

In response to the uncertainty, the government last year announced that it would amend the law from 1 July 2012 to allow the tax exemption to continue following the death of the pension recipient until the deceased member’s benefits have been paid out of the fund (subject to the benefits being paid as soon as practicable).

The Administrative Appeals Tribunal (AAT) has recently affirmed tax assessments issued to a taxpayer after finding that delivery drivers hired by the taxpayer were common law “employees” and not independent contractors.

The taxpayer had contracts to deliver bakery goods to supermarkets and had engaged a number of drivers to make those deliveries. It contended that those drivers were independent contractors and were responsible for their own taxes and superannuation. However, the Tax Commissioner determined that the drivers were common law “employees” of the taxpayer.

Among other things, the Commissioner noted that the drivers did not own or lease their own vehicles, did not control or delegate any of the work, and wore uniforms (vests) identifying the taxpayer’s business name. Based on the evidence before it, the AAT was of the view that the drivers were “employees” of the taxpayer during the relevant period and held that the taxpayer had failed to withhold amounts as required under the pay-as-you-go (PAYG) withholding rules.

A medical doctor has been unsuccessful before the AAT in arguing that the Tax Commissioner should exercise his discretion to allow the doctor to claim non-commercial business losses of his cattle and sheep farming activities against his medical practice income.

The taxpayer had applied to the ATO for a private binding ruling, requesting that the Commissioner allow him to claim the losses from the farming activities against his medical practice income. However, the Commissioner issued a private ruling in which he refused to exercise the discretion sought. Notwithstanding the ruling, the taxpayer then lodged his 2010 tax return and claimed losses in relation to the farming business.

The AAT affirmed the Commissioner’s decision and found that the taxpayer had not discharged the onus of proving that the conditions of the relief sought had been met. Accordingly, the AAT held that the losses incurred must be deferred until those activities produce assessable income against which the deductions could be claimed.

A taxpayer, a retiree, who withdrew and re-deposited his superannuation savings during the global financial crisis has been hit with excess contributions tax of $31,620 after the AAT agreed with the Tax Commissioner that there were no “special circumstances” to disregard the excess contributions under the tax law.

After observing a significant decline in his superannuation savings in a matter of months and following the government’s announcement that it would guarantee bank deposits, the retiree withdrew his superannuation savings in early 2009 and deposited the amounts in term deposits. When the term deposits matured six months later, he re-deposited the money back into his superannuation.

In May 2012, the Tax Commissioner informed the taxpayer that he had exceeded his non-concessional contributions cap for the 2009–2010 financial year. The taxpayer argued that the imposition of excess contributions tax was “unfair” and that he had not obtained a tax advantage.

However, while noting that the taxpayer had made an unfortunate error, the AAT still ruled that there was nothing “unique” or “special” to allow the relief sought. It also considered that it was reasonably foreseeable that the re-depositing would result in excess contributions.

The Government has announced that it will introduce a $2,000 per-person cap on tax deduction claims for work-related self-education expenses. The cap is proposed to apply from 1 July 2014.

In making the announcement, Treasurer Swan said that without a cap, “it’s possible to make large claims for expenses such as first class airfares, 5-star accommodation and expensive courses”. However, the Treasurer said the Government “will consult with employees and employers to better target this concession while still supporting essential training”.

The ATO has recently announced the following new data-matching programs:

• Employers and WorkCover – the ATO will request and collect names and addresses of employers from state and territory WorkCover sources for the 2011 to 2013 financial years. It says the data will be matched to identify employers who might not be complying with their registration, lodgment and payment obligations under tax law.
• Student and temporary work visa holders – the ATO will collect details of student and temporary work visa holders between the period 1 January 2012 to 30 June 2014 from the Department of Immigration and Citizenship for the 2012, 2013 and 2014 income years. The information will be matched to identify non-compliance with tax obligations.
• Online sellers – the ATO will collect information of sellers who have made sales of $20,000 or more in the 2010–2011 income year through various online selling websites. It says records will be matched to identify non-compliance with lodgment, payment and correct reporting obligations under tax law, including undeclared income and goods and services tax (GST) obligations.

The Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC) has warned people to be aware of property spruikers who might be encouraging them to set up a self managed superannuation fund (SMSF) in order to gear into real property.

The warning comes with the release of ASIC’s review of financial advice provided in the SMSF sector. According to ASIC, the majority of advice reviewed was adequate. However, it noted a number of areas requiring improvement, including the need to better inform investors of the risks associated with investments.

The Government has recently made a number of important announcements affecting superannuation. A key proposal announced is that the Government will change the superannuation law to cap tax-free earnings at $100,000. That is, the tax exemption for earnings on superannuation fund assets supporting income streams will be capped at $100,000 per annum per person from 1 July 2014. A tax rate of 15% will apply to fund earnings above $100,000. According to the Government, the measure would affect around 16,000 individuals who have around $2 million in their superannuation funds and an estimated rate of return of 5%.

However, the Government confirmed that withdrawals will continue to remain tax-free for those aged 60 years and over. Presumably, the proposals will be subject to public consultation before implementation.

A taxpayer company has been unsuccessful before the Administrative Appeals Tribunal (AAT) in a claim to secure the capital gains tax (CGT) concessions for small businesses.

In this case, the AAT affirmed the Commissioner’s decision that the taxpayer did not satisfy the “maximum net asset value” test for the purposes of qualifying for the concessions. The AAT found that the individual who controlled the company could not exclude from the test his interest in a Queensland property, which he claimed was used for “personal use and enjoyment”.

The AAT has recently dismissed an appeal by a florist against the Tax Commissioner’s decision to issue income tax and GST assessments following an ATO audit of her florist business.

The taxpayer had reported that the cost of goods sold in her business represented 83% of her reported business income. The ATO had selected the taxpayer for audit because this figure was outside what it considered to be the industry benchmark range of between 44% and 54%.

In this case, the taxpayer was unable, due to a lack of evidence, to prove to the AAT that the assessments were excessive.

The ATO has announced important fringe benefits tax (FBT) rates and thresholds for the 2013–2014 FBT year that commenced on 1 April 2013. Some of the key rates and thresholds include the following:

• The benchmark interest rate is 6.45% per annum. (It was 7.40% per annum for the 2012–2013 FBT year.)
• The record-keeping exemption threshold is $7,779. (It was $7,642 for the 2012–2013 FBT year.)

The ATO has released a Ruling setting out the minimum information requirements for a tax invoice under the GST law. The Ruling also explains the circumstances in which it is not necessary for the supplier to give a tax invoice, and the circumstances in which an input tax credit is attributable to a tax period without the recipient being required to hold a tax invoice for a creditable acquisition.

However, the Ruling states that the recipient must have records to explain its entitlement to an input tax credit for a creditable acquisition.

The Government has issued for comment draft legislation proposing to implement its 2012 Budget announcement that it will remove the capital gains tax (CGT) discount for non-resident individuals on taxable Australian property, such as residential and commercial real estate and mining assets.

Under the current law, individual taxpayers are generally entitled to a 50% discount on capital gains made from assets they have held for at least 12 months, regardless of the individual’s residency status. The proposed changes will introduce new residency requirements.

Under the changes, non-residents will still be entitled to a discount on capital gains that accrued prior to 9 May 2012 (ie, the day after the Government’s announcement), provided they obtain a market valuation of the asset as at 8 May 2012.

Note that, if implemented, the changes will apply to affected individuals irrespective of whether the gain resulted from an asset owned by the individual or was a gain from an asset held by a trust and attributed to the individual.

In summary, the effect of the measure will be to:

• retain the full CGT discount for discount capital gains of foreign resident individuals to the extent that the increase in value of the CGT asset occurred prior to 9 May 2012;
• remove the CGT discount for discount capital gains of foreign and temporary resident individuals that accrued after 8 May 2012; and
• apportion the CGT discount for discount capital gains where an individual has been an Australian resident and a foreign or temporary resident during the period after 8 May 2012. The discount percentage will be apportioned to ensure the full 50% discount is applied to periods where the individual was an Australian resident.

The Government has released draft regulations that propose to give effect to an earlier announcement made in October 2012 that it will provide certainty to the beneficiaries of superannuation death benefits. The changes will allow the tax exemption for earnings on assets supporting superannuation income streams to continue following the death of a fund member who was in the pension phase until the deceased member’s benefits have been paid out of the fund. If implemented, the changes will apply from 1 July 2012.

The proposed changes appear to be a response to industry concern with the Tax Commissioner’s draft ruling on superannuation income streams issued in a 2011. In that draft ruling, the Commissioner took the position that a superannuation income stream ceases as soon as the member in receipt of the income stream dies, unless a dependent beneficiary of the deceased is automatically entitled to receive an income stream.

According to the Commissioner’s preliminary view, tax would generally apply to a fund’s investment earnings, including realised capital gains, following the death of a pension member. However, the proposed new regulations will ensure that this is not the case.

In a recent decision, the Administrative Appeals Tribunal (AAT) decided that a taxpayer’s interest in a business was disposed of when a “heads of agreement was executed”, and not when the formal contract of sale was executed.

An agent had testified that it was long-standing practice in the industry for an intending purchaser and vendor to enter into an “in-confidence” period of exclusivity during which the intending purchaser would use professional advisers to carry out due diligence.

Despite evidence suggesting that the industry did not regard the heads of agreement as a binding contract, the AAT was of the view that the parties to the heads of agreement had agreed to the sale and purchase of the business in question. As a result, as it was found that it was the date of the heads of agreement that was the applicable date of the transaction for CGT purposes.

As a result, the taxpayer was not entitled to access the CGT small business concessions because he did not satisfy the relevant test for the concessions just before that date.

The Government has announced the “cents per kilometre” rates for calculating tax deductions for car expenses for the 2012–2013 income year. Note that they are unchanged from 2011–2012 and are as follows:

• Small car (non-rotary engine up to 1600cc, or rotary engine up to 800cc): 63c/km.
• Medium car (non-rotary engine 1601–2600cc, or rotary engine 801–1300cc): 74c/km.
• Large car (non-rotary engine 2601cc and above, or rotary engine 1300cc and above): 75c/km.

With the changes to the living-away-from-home rules (effective from 1 October 2012) affecting employees who are required by their employers to live away from home for work, greater care needs to be taken in assessing the fringe benefits tax (FBT) implications of living-away-from-home allowances (LAFHAs). With a narrower scope for eligibility for concessional treatment and increased substantiation requirements, the level of risk is greater.

The Commissioner has recently determined the amounts that he considers reasonable for food and drink expenses incurred by employees receiving a LAFHA fringe benefit for the FBT year commencing on 1 April 2013. Broadly, if an employee’s food or drink expenses exceed the amount the Commissioner considers reasonable, the employee will have to substantiate all the expenses incurred, or the employer will be liable to FBT on the amount of LAFHA paid to the employee that is in excess of the reasonable amount.

In response to a number of high profile cases lost by the Tax Commissioner, the Government has introduced legislation into Parliament that proposes to ensure the effective operation of the income tax general anti-avoidance law. In those cases, the taxpayers successfully argued that the income tax general anti-avoidance law did not apply as tax was a legitimate consideration in commercial decision-making, and where the tax cost of a transaction was considerable the taxpayer would have done nothing. The changes, once enacted, will apply retrospectively from 16 November 2012.

The changes aim, among other things, to rectify what the Government considers to be perceived weaknesses in the “tax benefit” concept, which have reduced the effectiveness of the law in countering tax avoidance arrangements. Broadly, the amended law will continue to apply where a taxpayer enters into a scheme with a sole or dominant purpose of obtaining a tax benefit. However, in considering alternative postulates (ie what the taxpayers might otherwise have done), tax costs will be disregarded under the amended law.

Consequently, it will be necessary to compare the scheme entered into with other ways of achieving the same commercial outcome, regardless of the tax cost. Eliminating the defence that the taxpayer would otherwise have done nothing will broaden the potential application of the rules significantly.